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Reeve, C. (1992). Practices of Reasoning: Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. London: Oxford University Press. 29 EXTERNAL GOODSAristotle recognizes three types of goods: 'some called external (ektos), some goods of the psyche, others goods of the body; and the goods of the psyche are said to be goods to the fullest extent and most of all, and the actions and activities of the psyche are ascribed to..

In 1985 two articles appeared which took up a position at the opposite extreme, claiming that Nicomachean happiness included as a constituent not only wisdom and moral virtue, but also external goods such as wealth, status, and power. T. Irwin argued that if happiness is comprehensive, and goods dependent on fortune are genuine goods, then happiness must include them. John Cooper, in a striking ..

Before we approach Aristotle's treatment of 'tragic' reversal and the case of Priam, we need to point out that there are four rather different ways in which uncontrolled circumstances may, in these cases, interfere with excellent activity. They may(1) deprive it of some instrumental means or resource. This resource, in turn, may be either(a) absolutely necessary for excellent activity, so that i..

Cashen, M. (2012). The Ugly, the Lonely, and the Lowly: Aristotle on Happiness and the External Goods. History of Philosophy Quarterly 29: 1–19. Introductionpeople often feel unhappy with or insecure about the way they look, and those without family or friends do miss out on a dimension of happiness that could enrich their lives. Of course, by "happy" Aristotle does not mean what we mean today. ..