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2025-1 DescartesMidterm Study Guide 7. State the premises and conclusion of the Third Meditation argument from objective reality. Make sure to define objective reality and formal reality. In the Third Meditation Descartes puts forward a causal axiom that he is supposing is completely evident and obvious, at least when we are paying attention to it. When he describes the axiom, he sometimes puts ..

2025-1 DescartesMidterm Study Guide 4. In the First Meditation Descartes argues that even if he is being decived about matters that are utterly evident, "I am, I exist" is clearly true. But he also allows that thare are instances in which "I am, I exist" is  dubitable. Discuss. two scuh instances.Can “I am, I exist” be doubted? Strangely enough, it can. If we think it vaguely, or just in terms o..

Van Inwagen, Peter (2008). Metaphysics. Boulder: Westview Press. IntroductionBut it is a near certainty that someone who has not actually studied metaphysics—formally, in a course of study at the university level—will have no inkling of what the word ‘metaphysics’ means.The nature of metaphysics is best explained by example...metaphysics is the study of ultimate reality. This still seems to me t..

Lawrence, Gavin (2011). Acquiring character : becoming grown-up. In Michael Pakaluk & Giles Pearson (eds.), Moral psychology and human action in Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Nicomachean Ethics is a work of ‘practical philosophy’. Its concern is Praxis, action, but action in a sense somewhat obscure to the ear of modern philosophy. It is action in a narrower sense than the mere..

Burnyeat, Myles (1980). Aristotle on learning to be good. In Amélie Rorty (ed.), Essays on Aristotle's Ethics. University of California Press. pp. 69–92.  The question "Can virtue be taught" is perhaps the oldest question in moral philosophy. Recall the opening of Plato's Meno (70a): "Can you tell me, Socrates—can virtue be taught, or is it rather to be acquired by practice? Or is it neither to ..

2025-1 DescartesMidterm Study Guide 1. What is the synthetic method? What is the analytic method? Descartes says in one passage that there is not a single claim that he asserts with confidence in the First meditation. Explain. The synthetic or syllogistic method was commonly used in the 17th century by philosophers such as Spinoza and Leibniz. For instance, Spinoza famously begins his Ethics wit..

Isaacs, Tracy (2011). Moral Responsibility in Collective Contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5. Collective Obligation, Individual Obligation, and Individual Moral ResponsibilityI turn my attention to a more forward-looking relative of responsibility, namely, obligation.Even if they are the result of the cumulative impact of human behavior, these harms are not the products of collective ac..

2025-1 Seminar Ethics Individual Responsibility for (and in) Collective Wrongs 1. The Overview of Chapter 4So far, Isaacs has developed accounts of collective moral responsibility, according to which there are irreducible collective notions, such as collective intention, action, agent, and guilt. From this consideration, she has made a distinction between responsibility at the individual level a..

2025-1 Seminar Ethics Individual Responsibility for (and in) Collective Wrongs (Presentation)

Isaacs, Tracy (2011). Moral Responsibility in Collective Contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. Individual Responsibility for (and in) Collective WrongsThe view developed so far—that collective intention, collective action, and collective moral responsibility operate at the level of collectives—suggests that individuals are not responsible for collective actions as such. Specifically, it ..