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2024-2 Feminist Ethics  Bettcher, T. M. (2014). Trapped in the Wrong Theory: Rethinking Trans Oppression and Resistance. Signs, 39(2), 383–406.     1. The psychological variant of the model, the "wrong-body" model, and  the “beyond the binary” model The psychological variant of the modelThe wrong-body model   The “beyond the binary” model.Transsexuality is viewed as a problem of the..

2024-2 Social OntologyKhalidi, Muhammad Ali (2015). Three Kinds of Social Kinds. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 90 (1):96-112.  1. Social Kinds and Human KindsSocial kinds, or human kinds, are frequently said to be different from natural kinds for various reasons.① they are ontologically subjective since they depend on human mental attitudes for their very existence (Searle 1995).② the..

2024-2 Feminist Ethics Reconciling Bartky’s feminist consciousness and the Marxist notion of contradictions In her article, “Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness,” Bartky offers a fascinating picture that combines Marxist analysis―i.e., their theory of contradictions―with feminist consciousness―i.e., an anguished consciousness characterizes human subjectivity in periods of social cha..

2024-2 Social Ontology Searle, J. R. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press. [31-57] 1. Some Apparent Features of Social RealityTo begin, let us identify some of the apparent features of social reality we would like to explain. Because I believe philosophical investigations should begin naively (how they proceed and conclude is another matter), I will simply list half a..

2024-2 Feminist Ethics Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 140:139-167. One of the very few Black women's studies books is entitled All the Women Are White; All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave. I have chosen..

2024-2 Social Ontology Searle, J. R. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press. [1-29]  The Building Blocks of Social Reality1. The Metaphysical Burden of Social Realitythere are portions of the real world, objective facts in the world, that are only facts by human agreement. In a sense there are things that exist only because we believe them to exist. I am thinking of thi..

2024-2 Social OntologyMason, Rebecca & Ritchie, Katherine (2020). Social Ontology. In Ricki Bliss & James Miller (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Metametaphysics. New York, NY: Routledge, 312-324. Traditionally, social entities have not fallen within the purview of mainstream metaphysics. [...] Here, in addition to surveying the field of social ontology, we consider whether the exclusion of soc..

2024-2 Feminist EthicsBartky, Sandra Lee (1975). Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness. Social Theory and Practice 3 (4):425-439. 1Contemporary feminism has many faces. The best attempts so far to deal with the scope and complexity of the movement have divided feminists along ideological lines. Thus, liberal, Marxist, neo-Marxist and what are called "radical" feminists differ from one..