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Van Inwagen, Peter (2008). Metaphysics. Boulder: Westview Press. IntroductionBut it is a near certainty that someone who has not actually studied metaphysics—formally, in a course of study at the university level—will have no inkling of what the word ‘metaphysics’ means.The nature of metaphysics is best explained by example...metaphysics is the study of ultimate reality. This still seems to me t..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. What do you take to be the strongest objections to the extended mind and to the social mind hypotheses?     I think both the extended mind and the socially extended mind are not free from the coupling-constitution fallacy, raised by Adams and Aizawa. According to them, Clark draws the conclusion that the object or process constitutes part of the agent’s cognitive appara..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. Do you think that Gallagher’s analysis of cognition in dynamic terms as enactive processes and activities, commits one to adopt the socially extended mind? Criticizing the parity principle offered by Clark and Chalmers, Gallagher adopts an enactive approach to cognition to account for the extended mind. The parity principle states that if a part of the world functions a..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. Clark and Chalmers argue in favor of active externalism about the mind. In their argument they rely on the analogy between Inga’s use of memory and Otto’s use of a notebook. Do you think that the analogy holds and that it helps their case?                           Clark and Chalmers defend active externalism, which holds that a coupled system formed by external links b..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. In what way do Jenkins and Webster define the notion of marginalized functioning? Present examples to illustrate this concept and the distinction between marginalized functioning and marginalization.     To develop models of disability that unify the category without sidelining the body, Jenkins and Webster introduced the notion of marginalized functioning as follows:A ..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. Howard and Aas present the Social Exclusion Model of disability. What are the main features of this model?     Howard and Aas present the Social Exclusion Model of disability, defined as follows:A person S is disabled in a context C, iff:(i) S is in some bodily or psychological state x [such that](ii) x is regularly assumed in the ideology in C to involve an impairment:..

2024-2 Social Ontology 1. Barnes argues against Naturalistic Accounts of disability which appeal to departures from normal functioning, and to the lack of ability that most people have. Which counterexamples does Barnes provide to these accounts? Do you find her arguments to be compelling? Briefly explain.  Naturalistic Accounts of Disability, also known as Normal Function Views, are prevalent i..

Bernstein, S. The metaphysics of intersectionality. Philos Stud 177, 321–335 (2020).  1. IntroductionViewing social identities as intersectional has become central to understanding how various dimensions of race, gender, sexual orientation, disability status, and class interact to yield more complex forms of discrimination than those suffered by persons who fall under only one category. In this ..

2023-2 Metaphysics of the Self Segment 2 (I.Ravenscroft, "Empathy and Knowing What It's Like") Q) Do you believe that empathy can give us the knowledge of what it's like for someone to have a certain experience E? Explain your thinking.If we take the notion of qualia and the private self simultaneously, empathy cannot give us the knowledge of what it's like for someone to have a certain experien..

2023-2 Metaphysics of the Self Segment 2 ( A. Coplan, "Understanding Empathy") Q) According to Coplan, there are three essential features of empathy. What are these? Describe each one.According to Coplan, the three essential feature of empathy are:(1)   Affective matching: affective matching occurs only if an observer’s affective states are qualitatively identical to a target’s, though they may ..